APPENDIX RULES FOR COMPOSITION AND MAKE-UP^"1"^ | | ^"1"^ =The= following definitions will apply throughout | this book. The figures refer to the 96-unit system | predominantly in use at the University Press. | =Linear spaces:= Fixed values specified at the outset | of the job by editor, printer, or designer: | Em quad "=" 96 units | En quad "=" 48 units | Thick space "=" 32 units | Middle space "=" 24 units | Thin space "=" 19 units | One point "=" 8 units | Half point "=" 4 units | Quarter point "=" 2 units. | This system is applicable to each typeface size, so | that the actual value in space terms varies with the | size of type employed, i.e.~ a 6 pt em is half a 12 pt em; | but each is divisble into 96 units. | =These= rules are for normal bookwork: they are to be followed wherever practicable. Exceptions can be made for narrow measures and when the rearrange- ment of type to conform with these rules would prove unreasonable. In borderline cases supervisors are to be consulted for a decision whether an exception is to be made. DIVISION OF WORDS Avoid divisions if at all possible, having regard for the requirements of good typography. Where word- breaks are necessary, however, the following rules apply: (_a_) A minimum of two characters may be left behind and a minimum of three characters carried over at a word-break. (_b_) Two successive hyphens only are allowed at the ends of lines. (_c_) A divided word should not end a right-hand page. (_d_) If a right-hand page is a full-page illustration or table, the facing left-hand page should not end with a hyphen. FOOTNOTES (_a_) A footnote should start on the same page as the text reference, but may overrun on to subsequent pages. If this is necessary, the footnote reference should occur, if possible, in the last line of text of the page in which the footnote starts. In the page(s) on which the note is continued there should be at least three lines of text. The overrun footnote will appear immediately below the text of the following page(s) and be separated from further footnotes by a space, not a rule (a line space when footnotes are in double column). If other notes are turned over, insert a catchline at the foot of the first page, placed full right in the line of white at the foot (i.e.~ extra to normal page depth): [_See opposite page/p.~ ... for n.~ ... cont.~ and n(n).~ ..._]. Similarly if the overrun of a footnote jumps one or more pages for any reason (plates, etc.), insert a catchline: [_cont.~ on p.~ ..._]. An incomplete footnote should not end a page with a full point (i.e.~ it should be seen to be un- finished). (_b_) One single-line note on a page should be centred; two or more single-line notes on a page should be ranged on the left, the whole being centred on the longest. (_c_) A short note may be set complete in the break- line of another note provided it is set full right, preferably with more than three ems between the notes. (_d_) Short notes may be run on in the same line with preferably at least 3 ems between them, the line being centred. Where there are several short footnotes, they should be ranged in columns with a minimum of a 3-em space between the longest lines in the columns. (_e_) Footnotes with identical wording should be set once only on any one page and the footnote refer- ences re-numbered accordingly. This will not apply if numbering runs through a chapter or section. (_f_) Where apparatus criticus occurs as well as footnotes, it is to appear, with the first line indented one em, above the footnotes, and separated from them by a short thin rule, full left. However, if there are, in addition, _original_ footnotes, they should appear above app.~ crit.~ and editorial notes, separated by a short thin rule, full left. (_g_) Where a single short note occurs below app.~ crit.~ it is to be set 1 em from the left and not centred (see (_b_) above). (_h_) Where footnotes are to be set in two columns, a footnote of one, two, or three (single-column) lines appearing on its own on one page is to be rearranged as full measure and centred. Similarly, two footnotes, one of two lines and one of one line, should be treated in like manner. (_i_) With double-column footnotes a break-line at the top of the second column is to be avoided where possible. (_j_) Footnotes should be numbered from 1 on each page, unless there is a special direction to number continuously through chapters or sections. (_k_) Footnote references should be placed outside punctuation, but inside the closing parenthesis when referring to matter within the parentheses. (_l_) Footnotes should begin with the numbers indented 1 em, but where numbers change to tens or hundreds, numbers should range on the inside for that page only (i.e.~ the room for the additional figure will come out of the em space). _See_ =tables= (_h_) for style of footnotes to tables. GENERAL (_a_) No more than two successive lines should begin or end with the same word. (_b_) Rectos have odd numbers, versos even. (_c_) Leading between paragraphs is not allowed in continuous text. (_d_) A right-hand page should not end with a colon which is introducing poetry, examples, etc. (_e_) Marginal notes are to be set on the outside edge of the page and, unless otherwise directed, lines should range on the inside against the text. (_f_) Where lines of text are numbered, the numbers (ranged on the inside) are to appear on the outside margin in prose works but full right in the measure for poetry (but see =plays= (_h_)). When marginal notes _and_ line numbers occur, the marginal notes should appear on the outer edge of the page and line numbers on the inner edge. Where a folio number (or some other marginal) clashes with a line number in the same margin, the next line should be numbered instead; if this is not possible, the nearest line to the original numbering should be numbered. (_g_) Pages are all to be of the same depth, but in books of verse pages may be left short, rather than be excessively spaced out. Complete pages of a body size different from the text (e.g.~ appendices and extracts) should be made up, to the nearest line, to the depth of the text page. (_h_) Interline spacing must be uniform in normal texts. (_i_) If possible, avoid a, I, l.,ll., pl., p., pp., at the ends of lines; in app.~ crit.~ do not end a line with a line number. (_j_) A minimum of five characters (excluding the full point) is allowed on the last line of a paragraph. Measures greater than 28 ems should have more than five characters. (_k_) A page or column should not start with the last line of a paragraph even when the line is a full one. (_l_) A paragraph may start as the last line of a page or column. (_m_) Unless instructions are given to the contrary capitals, small capitals, numerals, and punctuation in displayed lines should be letter-spaced. (_n_) Use lining (ranging) figures for dates, etc., where these occur in lines of capitals, and non-lining figures with lines of even small capitals. (_o_) In centred displayed headings (chapter titles, crossheads, etc.) keep word spaces even and avoid dividing words. Lines should not be forced out to full measure and _each_ line should be centred. Where it is possible, and sensible, avoid having a short single word as the last line. ILLUSTRATIONS In this section an illustration should be understood to mean a block plus its underline, if any. (_a_) As far as possible an illustration and the reference to it should be kept within a two-page opening, with the illustration occurring after the reference. Where the text reads into the illustration the illustration may not be moved unless the text is reworded. (_b_) Illustrations of approximately half a page or less in depth should be placed slightly above centre with text above and below. (_c_) Illustrations much greater than half a page in depth can be placed at head or foot of page (prefer- ably the head) to avoid breaking the text into only a few lines above and below the illustration. The minimum number of lines of text permitted on such pages is five. (_d_) Where two full-width illustrations are to occur within a two-page opening, one illustration is to appear on each page, positioned as for (_b_) or (_c_) above. However, if the depth of the illustrations allows, they may be set together on one page with at least a line of white between. (_e_) Where three full-width illustrations are to occur within a two-page opening, two may be set one above the other on one page with text at the foot of the page (a minimum of four lines) and at least a line of white between the two illustrations. (_f_) Illustrations less than half a page in width should be placed as for (_b_) and (_c_) above, and on the outer edge of the page with the text run round on the inside of the illustration. Underlines should be set to the width of the illustration. (_g_) To avoid running text round a narrow illustra- tion, the underlines, if of suitable length, can be placed on the inner side of the block (ranging at head for blocks in the upper half of a page, or at foot for blocks in the lower half of a page, and generally with unjustified lines). (_h_) An illustration greater than half a page but less than a full page in width should be centred with the underline set to the width of the illustration if it makes two or more lines, or centred below the block if it is a single line no wider than the illus- tration. (_i_) Illustrations greater than text measure in width will generally be positioned by the Layout depart- ment, but if no instructions are given, the illustra- tions should be centred and the underlines set to text measure. (_j_) For inset blocks one line of apparent white (including flange on block), equal to the point size of the surrounding type, is to be left at the head and side of the block and one and a half lines below (where other leading can be adjusted to suit this), or one line of apparent white below if necessary for make-up. (_k_) Between six and nine points white should be left between the underline and the lowest part of the block's printing area, and approximately twelve points between underline and following text. (_l_) Where two illustrations, each of less than half a page in width, occur on a page they are to be placed side by side. (_m_) Where two blocks of not too dissimilar depth appear side by side on a page, the bases and/or underlines of the blocks are to range. (_n_) In bookwork, running heads and folios should generally be omitted from full-page illustrations. However, where two or more full-page illustrations occur together and facing pages do not contain a folio, the folio may be centred in parentheses at the top of the page (or at the bottom in books where the folio normally occurs at the foot of pages). This will apply whether the illustrations are turned sideways or not. In journals, headlines should be inserted over full-page illustrations unless the block includes the space of the headline. (_o_) Illustrations which have to be turned sideways should always be placed with the head of the illustration on the left, whether on left- or right- hand pages. (_p_) For multi-column make-up the order of illus- trations is to be maintained wherever possible. (_q_) When an underline makes only two or three lines avoid wide word-spacing, word-divisions, and awkward final turns by slight adjustment to the measure of the underline (usually within the width of the block). MACHINE-READABLE CODES At present, the adoption of machine-readable codes on books published within the UK is voluntary, therefore not all titles will be affected. When a publisher does opt to print such a code on one of his titles, all the technical and other details are covered by a Specification and Operating Manual on Machine Readable Codes for the Book Trade, published by the Publishers Association, 19 Bedford Square, London =wc1b 3hj.= In so far as this specification touches on the work of compositors and readers, the rules may be summarized: (_a_) Inside the book, the ISBN on the verso of the title-page should be made machine-readable by creating this number as a single, separate line of OCR-A characters which is then imposed: 6 mm clear on all sides from any other print on the title verso; clear of any print on the title-page itself to avoid any effects from `show through'; at least 10 mm from the gutter or trimmed edge of the page. Any further detail may be found in Section 15 of the Specification and Manual. (_b_) Outside the book, the ISBN is made machine readable by the application of a combined OCR-A and EAN Bar Code symbol, normally supplied by the publisher as a single piece of film. It is recommended that this symbol appears on the bottom, right-hand corner of the back of the cover or dust jacket. The ISBN should be readable by eye and the bars of the EAN Code kept vertical. The bottom right-hand corner mark of the symbol should be 6 mm clear of the bottom edge and spine of the book. Any further detail may be found in Section 14 of the Specifi- cation and Manual. It is not incumbent on the printer to test the readability or correctness of these symbols; compositors and readers need concern themselves only with the proper placing of the material given to them by the publisher. NEW CHAPTERS OR SECTIONS (_a_) When chapters start on fresh pages, the minimum number of lines left on the final page of the previous chapter should be five. (Books with a small format may exceptionally go down to a minimum of three lines.) (_b_) When page numbers are specifically requested on the first page of a new chapter, they should be placed centrally in the headline in parentheses, letter-spaced. This will not apply, of course, to books having page numbers at the foot. (_c_) Running heads are not used where a section begins a page and the heading is also the running head. The folio should be placed in parentheses, letter-spaced, and centred. In books where folios occur at the foot of pages, the headline is to be left blank. (_d_) As a general rule the first paragraph of a chapter or section is to be set full out. Succeeding paragraphs are to be indented 1 em. (_e_) For books in which chapters/sections run on: (i) Where the heading is in the same point size as the text, and there is no drop initial, there should be a minimum of two lines of the first paragraph of the new chapter or section at the foot of the page. (ii) Where the heading is in a point size larger than that of the text, and there is no drop initial, at least three lines should come at the foot of the page. (iii) With drop initials there must be at least one full line at the end of a page below the initial. (See also =three-line drop initials.=) (iv) Where there is a line of white towards the foot of a page this must be followed by at least two lines of type. (v) Where sections are separated by a line of white and the last line of a section falls as the last line of a page, then the new section will start at the head of the next page, the line of white being omitted. (vi) Where a centred section heading (crosshead) begins a page and a running head also appears on the page there should be a minimum of one line of white between the running head and the section heading. (vii) Where a new section starts within a page the running head should refer to the first matter appear- ing on a verso page, and the last matter appearing on a recto page. PLAYS Books of plays vary considerably in style, and in- structions must be followed for style of speakerS names, indentations, etc. (_a_) Plays should begin on right-hand pages; acts on new pages, left or right; scenes run on. Sometimes the title and list of characters will appear together on the right-hand page, and sometimes the char- acters will be on the verso of the title, facing the text. Follow instructions. (_b_) Characters'~ names in entrances, stage directions and exits should be set distinctively, usually in roman even small capitals (letter-spaced). (_c_) _Entrances:_ capital and lower-case italic centred. (_d_) _Stage directions:_ capital and lower-case italic in square brackets as in the following examples: (1) =john= [_eagerly_]. Do come, by all means. (2) =james.= Most unpleasant! [_Thunderclap_] Hm! Now we're in for it. The direction should be set full right preceded by one square bracket in this example: (3) =john.= Step aside with me, my love. Thou shalt hear my secret wish. [_Leads her to the right_ =mary.= Master, wilt thou trifle yet? Can I believe thou'rt in earnest? (_e_) _Exits:_ capital and lower-case italic full right with one square bracket: =charles.= It is well, my friend. Farewell! [_Exit_ (_f_) Instructions will usually be given for style and arrangement of speakers'~ names and indentations. Where no other instructions exist, set names in even small capitals, letter-spaced, full left, run into first line of dialogue for verse plays, with remainder of dialogue indented 1 em and turnovers 2 ems. In prose plays, set characters'~ names full out (as above) with turnovers indented 1 em. (_g_) _Headlines_ should include act and scene numbers, usually across the inner shoulders. (_h_) _Line numbers_ (in fives: rules as for poetry) should appear on the right-hand edge within the text measure if verse, outside if prose. Care must be observed in numbering lines of plays in verse. Frequently a line is made up of the speeches of more than one character. Such parts of a line must be set with the second part a space of the line clear to the right of the first part and the third part a space of the line clear to the right of the second part. If the second (or third) part is too long to allow this, the part should be set full right and allowed to run back under the first (or second) part as necessary: turn- overs to these parts must be avoided. (_i_) _Mixture of prose and verse._ Where isolated verse (e.g.~ a song) occurs in a prose play it should be centred, following the rules for poetry. Where prose and verse alternate in a play (e.g.~ _Twelfth Night),_ the verse and its speakers'~ names should be indented or full out in the same style as the prose. POETRY (_a_) The standard space of the line will be the thick space. If turnover lines compel a variation from the standard, the general rules for spacing should be applied (see =spacing= (_a_)). (_b_) Whenever a poetic quotation is given a line (or more) to itself, it is not to be placed within quotation marks (unless the quotation marks are included in the quotation); therefore any quotation within it should be in single quotes, not double for a quote within a quote. However, when a line of poetry runs on with the (prose) text, then quotation marks are to be used. (_c_) In general, poetry (including blank verse) should be centred on the longest line on each page, unless such line is disproportionately long, when the matter should be centred optically. This can be achieved by striking an average of the longest lines. The aim must be to secure a balance of `white' on a page. (_d_) In a book of poems each poem should be centred individually, page by page. (_e_) Where prose text matter is broken up by poetic quotations and more than one quotation appears on a page, each quotation should be dealt with separately unless there are successive extracts from the same poem, when it is usually desirable to have a common indentation (rule (_c_) above will then apply). (_f_) Copy should be followed for capitals at the beginnings of lines (modern verse sometimes has none). In Greek and Latin verse it is usual to capitalize only the first word of each paragraph. (_g_) Turnovers in general should be indented 1 em more than the greatest indentation of the poem, but must be adjusted to suit the metre of the verse where necessary. (_h_) When poetry has to run on to another page the splitting of short stanzas (i.e.~ carrying part of a stanza on to the next page) should be avoided whenever possible. Two paired lines (e.g.~ consecu- tive rhyming lines) should not be separated. (_i_) To indicate the omission of a line (or more) a `line' of medial points, separated by 2-em spaces should be inserted. The first and last points should fall 2 ems inside the measure of the longest line. (_j_) Sources at the end of verse should range on the right with the longest line of the poem on the page on which the source appears. If the source is too long to get into a single line within the width of the longest line, it should start approximately 1 em further in than the deepest indentation of the poem and turn over as required, turnovers being ranged on the left with the beginning of the source. The first line of the source should be normal-spaced and ranged on the right with the longest line of the poem (as above). (_k_) Where lines of poetry are numbered (e.g.~ in fives) the numbers are to appear on the right-hand edge within the text measure. If a line is too long to allow the number to be inserted, then the next line or, if that is too long, the preceding line should be numbered instead. (_l_) Where a poem has varying indentation the copy must be followed. Generally, a line will range on the left with the line(s) with which it rhymes. SPACING (_a_) Close and even spacing is the usual standard. This means aiming for a middle space or less. The minimum should be a thin space, with a little less in exceptional cases and for narrow-set and close- fitting founts. Ideally the maximum should be an en space. Display lines set in one of the Chancery italic founts (Arrighi, Bembo, Blado) should always be very close spaced (thin or less). (_b_) The space of the line should be used after all points in normal text. A special direction, `Close, with extra space after sentence full points', will be given for works which require an extra space after sentence full points (e.g.~ some bibliographies, dic- tionaries, and Classical texts). (_c_) Letter-spacing within words is not allowed for overcoming justification problems (except very occasionally, e.g.~ in extremely narrow measures). (_d_) Where an em rule or a hyphen occurs in a line of letter-spaced capitals, small capitals, or figures, there should be a corresponding space each side of the rule or hyphen. (_e_) Where suitable, bad spacing and word-divisions may be avoided in lists (contents, etc.) and in some column and tabular matter by leaving lines un- justified on the right. TABLES (_a_) Where the text does not read into the table: these tables should appear as near to the point of refer- ence as possible -- preferably following it -- and be positioned as for illustrations. (See =illustrations= (_b-e_).) (_b_) Where the text reads into the table: these tables (usually open, unnumbered, and introduced by a colon) may not be moved unless the text is re- worded. (_c_) Vertical rules should be omitted and horizontal rules kept to a minimum, although head and tail rules should be included in most cases. In particular, tables having only two columns should be set without rules. Head and tail rules (R4) are to be heavier than internal rules (R2). (_d_) When (ruled) tables are open at the sides, the horizontal rules should not extend beyond the width of the first and last columns. (_e_) Column headings (usually set in roman capitals and lower case) should range on the left, with the lines unjustified, and, unless unsuitable, be set full left in the column. The first line of each column heading should range across the page. If an item in the first column has more than one line and is a `title' which applies to items running across the table, those items should range on its first line. Where items in columns are in panel form, set items full left in column, ranging turns, and insert 3-pt.~ space between items. Turns in simple items 1 em (no extra space between items). Tables should not be spaced out to full measure, but set to give good spacing between columns, with a minimum of 1 em. (_f_) The column contents, if unrelated, should range on the left with the column heading. If the contents are related, however, the longest item should range with the column heading and other items should range on the decimal point or comma. (_g_) Headlines should be inserted over full-page tables, whether set to text measure or turned side- ways up page, unless the table area includes the space of the headline. (_h_) For footnotes to tables the system of indices should be different from that used in the text, and the notes should be placed immediately below each table. (_i_) Table titles are always to appear at the head of the table. (_j_) Tables which extend on to two more pages: (i) Column widths should remain constant on the continuation page(s), and column headings should be repeated on each page where tables read down the page. Insert a `continued' line, e.g. `Table 2 (_cont._):', if table turns over to a left-hand page (not necessary if facing pages). (ii) Where tables are turned sideways it is neces- sary to repeat column headings on the left-hand pages only. These tables should always be placed with the head on the left, whether on left- or right-hand pages. (iii) A light rule should be used above repeated column headings (see (_c_) above). (iv) Omit tail rules on each page until the table is completed. THREE-LINE (AND LARGER) DROP INITIALS Letters with a projecting left-hand stem should overhang into the margin (unless there are marginal notes or numbers immediately in front of the letter). And where J has a large bowl allow this to project into the margin. Where the initial is the first letter of a word avoid a gap between the initial and following letters by cutting the type to make a neat fit. The beginnings of the second and third lines should range clear of the initial. If a quotation mark is required before a drop initial, it should be set in the margin in the same size as the text.