We consider the system Applicative_first_order_05__30. Alphabet: !faccolon : [a * a] --> a C : [] --> a cons : [c * d] --> d false : [] --> b filter : [c -> b * d] --> d filter2 : [b * c -> b * c * d] --> d map : [c -> c * d] --> d nil : [] --> d true : [] --> b Rules: !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, x), y), z), u) => !faccolon(!faccolon(x, z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(x, y), z), u)) map(f, nil) => nil map(f, cons(x, y)) => cons(f x, map(f, y)) filter(f, nil) => nil filter(f, cons(x, y)) => filter2(f x, f, x, y) filter2(true, f, x, y) => cons(x, filter(f, y)) filter2(false, f, x, y) => filter(f, y) This AFS is converted to an AFSM simply by replacing all free variables by meta-variables (with arity 0). We use the dependency pair framework as described in [Kop12, Ch. 6/7], with static dependency pairs (see [KusIsoSakBla09] and the adaptation for AFSMs and accessible arguments in [Kop13]). We thus obtain the following dependency pair problem (P_0, R_0, static, formative): Dependency Pairs P_0: 0] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) 1] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(X, Z) 2] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U) 3] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) 4] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(X, Y) 5] map#(F, cons(X, Y)) =#> map#(F, Y) 6] filter#(F, cons(X, Y)) =#> filter2#(F X, F, X, Y) 7] filter2#(true, F, X, Y) =#> filter#(F, Y) 8] filter2#(false, F, X, Y) =#> filter#(F, Y) Rules R_0: !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) => !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) map(F, nil) => nil map(F, cons(X, Y)) => cons(F X, map(F, Y)) filter(F, nil) => nil filter(F, cons(X, Y)) => filter2(F X, F, X, Y) filter2(true, F, X, Y) => cons(X, filter(F, Y)) filter2(false, F, X, Y) => filter(F, Y) Thus, the original system is terminating if (P_0, R_0, static, formative) is finite. We consider the dependency pair problem (P_0, R_0, static, formative). We place the elements of P in a dependency graph approximation G (see e.g. [Kop12, Thm. 7.27, 7.29], as follows: * 0 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 * 1 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 * 2 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 * 3 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 * 4 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 * 5 : 5 * 6 : 7, 8 * 7 : 6 * 8 : 6 This graph has the following strongly connected components: P_1: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(X, Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(X, Y) P_2: map#(F, cons(X, Y)) =#> map#(F, Y) P_3: filter#(F, cons(X, Y)) =#> filter2#(F X, F, X, Y) filter2#(true, F, X, Y) =#> filter#(F, Y) filter2#(false, F, X, Y) =#> filter#(F, Y) By [Kop12, Thm. 7.31], we may replace any dependency pair problem (P_0, R_0, m, f) by (P_1, R_0, m, f), (P_2, R_0, m, f) and (P_3, R_0, m, f). Thus, the original system is terminating if each of (P_1, R_0, static, formative), (P_2, R_0, static, formative) and (P_3, R_0, static, formative) is finite. We consider the dependency pair problem (P_3, R_0, static, formative). We will use the reduction pair processor [Kop12, Thm. 7.16]. It suffices to find a standard reduction pair [Kop12, Def. 6.69]. Thus, we must orient: filter#(F, cons(X, Y)) >? filter2#(F X, F, X, Y) filter2#(true, F, X, Y) >? filter#(F, Y) filter2#(false, F, X, Y) >? filter#(F, Y) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) map(F, nil) >= nil map(F, cons(X, Y)) >= cons(F X, map(F, Y)) filter(F, nil) >= nil filter(F, cons(X, Y)) >= filter2(F X, F, X, Y) filter2(true, F, X, Y) >= cons(X, filter(F, Y)) filter2(false, F, X, Y) >= filter(F, Y) We orient these requirements with a polynomial interpretation in the natural numbers. The following interpretation satisfies the requirements: !faccolon = \y0y1.0 C = 0 cons = \y0y1.2 + y1 false = 3 filter = \G0y1.2y1 filter2 = \y0G1y2y3.2 + 2y3 filter2# = \y0G1y2y3.1 + 2y3 + 2y3G1(y3) filter# = \G0y1.2y1 + 2y1G0(y1) map = \G0y1.y1 nil = 0 true = 3 Using this interpretation, the requirements translate to: [[filter#(_F0, cons(_x1, _x2))]] = 4 + 2x2 + 2x2F0(2 + x2) + 4F0(2 + x2) > 1 + 2x2 + 2x2F0(x2) = [[filter2#(_F0 _x1, _F0, _x1, _x2)]] [[filter2#(true, _F0, _x1, _x2)]] = 1 + 2x2 + 2x2F0(x2) > 2x2 + 2x2F0(x2) = [[filter#(_F0, _x2)]] [[filter2#(false, _F0, _x1, _x2)]] = 1 + 2x2 + 2x2F0(x2) > 2x2 + 2x2F0(x2) = [[filter#(_F0, _x2)]] [[!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, _x0), _x1), _x2), _x3)]] = 0 >= 0 = [[!faccolon(!faccolon(_x0, _x2), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(_x0, _x1), _x2), _x3))]] [[map(_F0, nil)]] = 0 >= 0 = [[nil]] [[map(_F0, cons(_x1, _x2))]] = 2 + x2 >= 2 + x2 = [[cons(_F0 _x1, map(_F0, _x2))]] [[filter(_F0, nil)]] = 0 >= 0 = [[nil]] [[filter(_F0, cons(_x1, _x2))]] = 4 + 2x2 >= 2 + 2x2 = [[filter2(_F0 _x1, _F0, _x1, _x2)]] [[filter2(true, _F0, _x1, _x2)]] = 2 + 2x2 >= 2 + 2x2 = [[cons(_x1, filter(_F0, _x2))]] [[filter2(false, _F0, _x1, _x2)]] = 2 + 2x2 >= 2x2 = [[filter(_F0, _x2)]] By the observations in [Kop12, Sec. 6.6], this reduction pair suffices; we may thus replace a dependency pair problem (P_3, R_0) by ({}, R_0). By the empty set processor [Kop12, Thm. 7.15] this problem may be immediately removed. Thus, the original system is terminating if each of (P_1, R_0, static, formative) and (P_2, R_0, static, formative) is finite. We consider the dependency pair problem (P_2, R_0, static, formative). We will use the reduction pair processor with usable rules [Kop12, Thm. 7.44]. (P_2, R_0) has no usable rules. It suffices to find a standard reduction pair [Kop12, Def. 6.69]. Thus, we must orient: map#(F, cons(X, Y)) >? map#(F, Y) We orient these requirements with a polynomial interpretation in the natural numbers. The following interpretation satisfies the requirements: cons = \y0y1.3 + 2y1 map# = \G0y1.y1 Using this interpretation, the requirements translate to: [[map#(_F0, cons(_x1, _x2))]] = 3 + 2x2 > x2 = [[map#(_F0, _x2)]] By the observations in [Kop12, Sec. 6.6], this reduction pair suffices; we may thus replace a dependency pair problem (P_2, R_0) by ({}, R_0). By the empty set processor [Kop12, Thm. 7.15] this problem may be immediately removed. Thus, the original system is terminating if (P_1, R_0, static, formative) is finite. We consider the dependency pair problem (P_1, R_0, static, formative). We will use the reduction pair processor with usable rules [Kop12, Thm. 7.44]. The usable rules of (P_1, R_0) are: !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) => !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) It suffices to find a standard reduction pair [Kop12, Def. 6.69]. Thus, we must orient: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(X, Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(X, Y) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) Since this representation is not advantageous for the higher-order recursive path ordering, we present the strict requirements in their unextended form, which is not problematic since for any F, s and substituion gamma: (F s)gamma beta-reduces to F(s)gamma.) We use a recursive path ordering as defined in [Kop12, Chapter 5]. Argument functions: [[!faccolon#(x_1, x_2)]] = !faccolon#(x_1) We choose Lex = {!faccolon} and Mul = {!faccolon#, C}, and the following precedence: !faccolon# > C > !faccolon Taking the argument function into account, and fixing the greater / greater equal choices, the constraints can be denoted as follows: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) With these choices, we have: 1] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) because !faccolon# in Mul and [2], by (Fun) 2] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [3] and [8], by (Fun) 3] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [4], by (Star) 4] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [5], by (Select) 5] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [6], by (Star) 6] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [7], by (Select) 7] X >= X by (Meta) 8] Z >= Z by (Meta) 9] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because [10], by (Star) 10] !faccolon#*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because !faccolon# in Mul and [11], by (Stat) 11] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > X because [12], by definition 12] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= X because [3], by (Select) 13] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z)) because [14], by definition 14] !faccolon#*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z)) because !faccolon# in Mul and [15], by (Stat) 15] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [16], by definition 16] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [17], [24] and [28], by (Stat) 17] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > !faccolon(X, Y) because [18], by definition 18] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [19], [21] and [22], by (Stat) 19] !faccolon(C, X) > X because [20], by definition 20] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [7], by (Select) 21] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [5], by (Select) 22] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= Y because [23], by (Select) 23] Y >= Y by (Meta) 24] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [25], by (Select) 25] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [26] and [27], by (Fun) 26] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [20], by (Star) 27] Y >= Y by (Meta) 28] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= Z because [8], by (Select) 29] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y)) because !faccolon# in Mul and [30], by (Fun) 30] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [24], by (Star) 31] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because [32], by (Star) 32] !faccolon#*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because !faccolon# in Mul and [11], by (Stat) 33] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [34], by (Star) 34] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [35], [38] and [39], by (Stat) 35] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(X, Z) because [36], by definition 36] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [37], [12] and [28], by (Stat) 37] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > X because [21], by definition 38] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [2], by (Select) 39] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U) because [15], [40] and [43], by (Stat) 40] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [41], by (Select) 41] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [42] and [8], by (Fun) 42] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [26] and [27], by (Fun) 43] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= U because [44], by (Select) 44] U >= U by (Meta) By the observations in [Kop12, Sec. 6.6], this reduction pair suffices; we may thus replace the dependency pair problem (P_1, R_0, static, formative) by (P_4, R_0, static, formative), where P_4 consists of: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(X, Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(X, Y) Thus, the original system is terminating if (P_4, R_0, static, formative) is finite. We consider the dependency pair problem (P_4, R_0, static, formative). We will use the reduction pair processor with usable rules [Kop12, Thm. 7.44]. The usable rules of (P_4, R_0) are: !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) => !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) It suffices to find a standard reduction pair [Kop12, Def. 6.69]. Thus, we must orient: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(X, Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(X, Y) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) Since this representation is not advantageous for the higher-order recursive path ordering, we present the strict requirements in their unextended form, which is not problematic since for any F, s and substituion gamma: (F s)gamma beta-reduces to F(s)gamma.) We use a recursive path ordering as defined in [Kop12, Chapter 5]. Argument functions: [[!faccolon#(x_1, x_2)]] = !faccolon#(x_1) We choose Lex = {!faccolon} and Mul = {!faccolon#, C}, and the following precedence: C > !faccolon > !faccolon# Taking the argument function into account, and fixing the greater / greater equal choices, the constraints can be denoted as follows: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(X) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) With these choices, we have: 1] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) because !faccolon# in Mul and [2], by (Fun) 2] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [3] and [8], by (Fun) 3] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [4], by (Star) 4] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [5], by (Select) 5] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [6], by (Star) 6] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [7], by (Select) 7] X >= X by (Meta) 8] Z >= Z by (Meta) 9] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(X) because [10], by definition 10] !faccolon#*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because [11], by (Select) 11] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon#(X) because [12], by (Star) 12] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon#(X) because [13], by (Select) 13] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon#(X) because [14], by (Star) 14] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon#(X) because !faccolon > !faccolon# and [15], by (Copy) 15] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [5], by (Select) 16] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y)) because !faccolon# in Mul and [17], by (Fun) 17] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [18], by (Star) 18] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [19], by (Select) 19] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [20] and [21], by (Fun) 20] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [6], by (Star) 21] Y >= Y by (Meta) 22] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because [23], by (Star) 23] !faccolon#*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because [24], by (Select) 24] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon#(X) because [25], by (Star) 25] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon#(X) because !faccolon > !faccolon# and [26], by (Copy) 26] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= X because [3], by (Select) 27] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [28], by (Star) 28] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [29], [33] and [34], by (Stat) 29] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(X, Z) because [30], by definition 30] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [31], [26] and [32], by (Stat) 31] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > X because [15], by definition 32] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= Z because [8], by (Select) 33] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [2], by (Select) 34] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U) because [35], [43] and [46], by (Stat) 35] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [36], by definition 36] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [37], [42] and [32], by (Stat) 37] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > !faccolon(X, Y) because [38], by definition 38] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [39], [15] and [41], by (Stat) 39] !faccolon(C, X) > X because [40], by definition 40] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [7], by (Select) 41] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= Y because [21], by (Select) 42] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [19], by (Select) 43] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [44], by (Select) 44] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [45] and [8], by (Fun) 45] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [20] and [21], by (Fun) 46] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= U because [47], by (Select) 47] U >= U by (Meta) By the observations in [Kop12, Sec. 6.6], this reduction pair suffices; we may thus replace the dependency pair problem (P_4, R_0, static, formative) by (P_5, R_0, static, formative), where P_5 consists of: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(X, Y) Thus, the original system is terminating if (P_5, R_0, static, formative) is finite. We consider the dependency pair problem (P_5, R_0, static, formative). We will use the reduction pair processor with usable rules [Kop12, Thm. 7.44]. The usable rules of (P_5, R_0) are: !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) => !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) It suffices to find a standard reduction pair [Kop12, Def. 6.69]. Thus, we must orient: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(X, Y) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) Since this representation is not advantageous for the higher-order recursive path ordering, we present the strict requirements in their unextended form, which is not problematic since for any F, s and substituion gamma: (F s)gamma beta-reduces to F(s)gamma.) We use a recursive path ordering as defined in [Kop12, Chapter 5]. Argument functions: [[!faccolon#(x_1, x_2)]] = !faccolon#(x_1) We choose Lex = {!faccolon} and Mul = {!faccolon#, C}, and the following precedence: !faccolon# > !faccolon > C Taking the argument function into account, and fixing the greater / greater equal choices, the constraints can be denoted as follows: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) With these choices, we have: 1] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) because !faccolon# in Mul and [2], by (Fun) 2] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [3] and [8], by (Fun) 3] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [4], by (Star) 4] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [5], by (Select) 5] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [6], by (Star) 6] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [7], by (Select) 7] X >= X by (Meta) 8] Z >= Z by (Meta) 9] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y)) because [10], by definition 10] !faccolon#*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Y)) because !faccolon# in Mul and [11], by (Stat) 11] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(X, Y) because [12], by definition 12] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [13], by (Select) 13] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [14] and [15], by (Fun) 14] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [6], by (Star) 15] Y >= Y by (Meta) 16] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because [17], by (Star) 17] !faccolon#*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because !faccolon# in Mul and [18], by (Stat) 18] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > X because [19], by definition 19] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= X because [3], by (Select) 20] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [21], by (Star) 21] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [22], [27] and [28], by (Stat) 22] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(X, Z) because [23], by definition 23] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [24], [19] and [26], by (Stat) 24] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > X because [25], by definition 25] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [14], by (Select) 26] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= Z because [8], by (Select) 27] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [2], by (Select) 28] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U) because [29], [36] and [39], by (Stat) 29] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [30], by definition 30] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [31], [12] and [26], by (Stat) 31] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > !faccolon(X, Y) because [32], by definition 32] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [33], [25] and [35], by (Stat) 33] !faccolon(C, X) > X because [34], by definition 34] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [7], by (Select) 35] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= Y because [15], by (Select) 36] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [37], by (Select) 37] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [38] and [8], by (Fun) 38] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [14] and [15], by (Fun) 39] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= U because [40], by (Select) 40] U >= U by (Meta) By the observations in [Kop12, Sec. 6.6], this reduction pair suffices; we may thus replace the dependency pair problem (P_5, R_0, static, formative) by (P_6, R_0, static, formative), where P_6 consists of: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(X, Y) Thus, the original system is terminating if (P_6, R_0, static, formative) is finite. We consider the dependency pair problem (P_6, R_0, static, formative). We will use the reduction pair processor with usable rules [Kop12, Thm. 7.44]. The usable rules of (P_6, R_0) are: !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) => !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) It suffices to find a standard reduction pair [Kop12, Def. 6.69]. Thus, we must orient: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(X, Y) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) Since this representation is not advantageous for the higher-order recursive path ordering, we present the strict requirements in their unextended form, which is not problematic since for any F, s and substituion gamma: (F s)gamma beta-reduces to F(s)gamma.) We use a recursive path ordering as defined in [Kop12, Chapter 5]. Argument functions: [[!faccolon#(x_1, x_2)]] = !faccolon#(x_1) We choose Lex = {!faccolon} and Mul = {!faccolon#, C}, and the following precedence: !faccolon > !faccolon# > C Taking the argument function into account, and fixing the greater / greater equal choices, the constraints can be denoted as follows: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(X) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) With these choices, we have: 1] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) because !faccolon# in Mul and [2], by (Fun) 2] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [3] and [8], by (Fun) 3] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [4], by (Star) 4] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [5], by (Select) 5] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [6], by (Star) 6] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [7], by (Select) 7] X >= X by (Meta) 8] Z >= Z by (Meta) 9] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(X) because [10], by definition 10] !faccolon#*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(X) because !faccolon# in Mul and [11], by (Stat) 11] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > X because [12], by definition 12] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= X because [3], by (Select) 13] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [14], by (Star) 14] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [15], [20] and [21], by (Stat) 15] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(X, Z) because [16], by definition 16] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [17], [12] and [19], by (Stat) 17] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > X because [18], by definition 18] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [5], by (Select) 19] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= Z because [8], by (Select) 20] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [2], by (Select) 21] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U) because [22], [34] and [37], by (Stat) 22] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [23], by definition 23] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [24], [30] and [19], by (Stat) 24] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > !faccolon(X, Y) because [25], by definition 25] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [26], [18] and [28], by (Stat) 26] !faccolon(C, X) > X because [27], by definition 27] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [7], by (Select) 28] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= Y because [29], by (Select) 29] Y >= Y by (Meta) 30] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [31], by (Select) 31] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [32] and [33], by (Fun) 32] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [27], by (Star) 33] Y >= Y by (Meta) 34] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [35], by (Select) 35] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [36] and [8], by (Fun) 36] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [32] and [33], by (Fun) 37] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= U because [38], by (Select) 38] U >= U by (Meta) By the observations in [Kop12, Sec. 6.6], this reduction pair suffices; we may thus replace the dependency pair problem (P_6, R_0, static, formative) by (P_7, R_0, static, formative), where P_7 consists of: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) =#> !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) Thus, the original system is terminating if (P_7, R_0, static, formative) is finite. We consider the dependency pair problem (P_7, R_0, static, formative). We will use the reduction pair processor with usable rules [Kop12, Thm. 7.44]. The usable rules of (P_7, R_0) are: !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) => !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) It suffices to find a standard reduction pair [Kop12, Def. 6.69]. Thus, we must orient: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >? !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) Since this representation is not advantageous for the higher-order recursive path ordering, we present the strict requirements in their unextended form, which is not problematic since for any F, s and substituion gamma: (F s)gamma beta-reduces to F(s)gamma.) We use a recursive path ordering as defined in [Kop12, Chapter 5]. Argument functions: [[!faccolon#(x_1, x_2)]] = !faccolon#(x_1) We choose Lex = {!faccolon} and Mul = {!faccolon#, C}, and the following precedence: !faccolon > !faccolon# > C Taking the argument function into account, and fixing the greater / greater equal choices, the constraints can be denoted as follows: !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) With these choices, we have: 1] !faccolon#(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) > !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) because [2], by definition 2] !faccolon#*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z)) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) because [3], by (Select) 3] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) because [4], by (Star) 4] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon#(!faccolon(X, Z)) because !faccolon > !faccolon# and [5], by (Copy) 5] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [6], [11] and [13], by (Stat) 6] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > X because [7], by definition 7] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [8], by (Select) 8] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [9], by (Star) 9] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [10], by (Select) 10] X >= X by (Meta) 11] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= X because [12], by (Select) 12] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= X because [7], by (Star) 13] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= Z because [14], by (Select) 14] Z >= Z by (Meta) 15] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [16], by (Star) 16] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Z), !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U)) because [17], [18] and [24], by (Stat) 17] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(X, Z) because [5], by definition 18] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(X, Z) because [19], [20] and [22], by (Stat) 19] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > X because [11], by definition 20] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= X because [21], by (Select) 21] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= X because [11], by (Star) 22] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= Z because [23], by (Select) 23] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= Z because [13], by (Star) 24] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z), U) because [25], [37] and [41], by (Stat) 25] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [26], by definition 26] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [27], [33] and [13], by (Stat) 27] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) > !faccolon(X, Y) because [28], by definition 28] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [29], [7] and [31], by (Stat) 29] !faccolon(C, X) > X because [30], by definition 30] !faccolon*(C, X) >= X because [10], by (Select) 31] !faccolon*(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= Y because [32], by (Select) 32] Y >= Y by (Meta) 33] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [34], by (Select) 34] !faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [35] and [36], by (Fun) 35] !faccolon(C, X) >= X because [30], by (Star) 36] Y >= Y by (Meta) 37] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(!faccolon(X, Y), Z) because [38], [39] and [22], by (Stat) 38] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) > !faccolon(X, Y) because [33], by definition 39] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [40], by (Select) 40] !faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z) >= !faccolon(X, Y) because [33], by (Star) 41] !faccolon*(!faccolon(!faccolon(!faccolon(C, X), Y), Z), U) >= U because [42], by (Select) 42] U >= U by (Meta) By the observations in [Kop12, Sec. 6.6], this reduction pair suffices; we may thus replace a dependency pair problem (P_7, R_0) by ({}, R_0). By the empty set processor [Kop12, Thm. 7.15] this problem may be immediately removed. As all dependency pair problems were succesfully simplified with sound (and complete) processors until nothing remained, we conclude termination. +++ Citations +++ [Kop12] C. Kop. Higher Order Termination. PhD Thesis, 2012. [Kop13] C. Kop. Static Dependency Pairs with Accessibility. Unpublished manuscript, http://cl-informatik.uibk.ac.at/users/kop/static.pdf, 2013. [KusIsoSakBla09] K. Kusakari, Y. Isogai, M. Sakai, and F. Blanqui. Static Dependency Pair Method Based On Strong Computability for Higher-Order Rewrite Systems. In volume 92(10) of IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems. 2007--2015, 2009.