Transformation of Knowledge, Information and Data: Theory and Applications presents foundations of transformations applied in information system development. Since information models are usually graph-based models, we set the context for transformations using graph-transformations. Besides theory, this book gives numerous applications of transformations, such as:

• The data format may change when it is transferred between systems. This includes changes in data structure, data model, data schema, data types, et cetera.
• Also, the interpretation of data may vary when it is passed on from one person to another. Changes in interpretation are part of data semantics rather than data structure.
• The level of detail may change in the exchange of data between departments or organizations, e.g. going from co-workers to managers or from local authorities to the central government. In this context we often see changes in level of detail, by the application of abstraction, aggregation, generalization, and specialization.
• Moreover, the systems development phase of data models may vary. This is particularly the case when implementation-independent data models are mapped to implementation-oriented models (e.g. semantic data models are mapped to operational database specifications).